Yogi
Yogi - A yogi or yogin (in Sanskrit: योगी yogini
is used as a feminine alternative) is a term for one who practices yoga. These
designations are mostly reserved for advanced practitioners. The word "yoga"
itself - from the Sanskrit root yuj ("to yoke") - is generally translated as
"union" or "integration" and may be understood as union with the Divine, or
integration of body, mind, and spirit.
In the Fourth Way teaching of Gurdjieff the word yogi is used to denote the
specifically mental path of development, compared with the word fakir (which
Gurdjieff used for a path of physical development) and monk (which he used for
the path of emotional development).
In contemporary English yogin is an alternative rendering for the word yogi, a
human being who is committed to the practise of yoga, usually in the more
authentic sense of one who is bound by a code of moral conduct and restraint
(including celibacy) with a view to the realization of moksha (liberation). Both
words tend to conjure up the image of a semi-naked Indian ascetic with long hair
but throughout the East, the words are often used to describe Buddhist monks or
any lay person who is devoted to meditation. Yogins or Yogis in that sense are
not necessarily fully enlightened as the following definition from the Nuttall
encyclopedia suggests.
"Among the Hindus, a Yogan is one who has achieved his yoga, over whom nothing
perishable has any longer power, for whom the laws of nature no longer exist,
who is emancipated from this life, so that death even will add nothing to his
bliss, it being his final deliverance or Nirvana, as the Buddhists would say."
Yoga - Yoga (Devanagari: योग) is a group of ancient spiritual practices originating in India. As a general term in Hinduism it has been defined as referring to "technologies or disciplines of asceticism and meditation which are thought to lead to spiritual experience and profound understanding or insight into the nature of existence. Outside India, Yoga has become primarily associated with the practice of asanas (postures) of Hatha Yoga (see Yoga as exercise), although it has influenced the entire dharmic religions family and other spiritual practices throughout the world.
Hindu texts discussing different aspects of yoga include the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the Shiva Samhita, and many others.
Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita ('Song of the Lord'), thought to have been composed in roughly the 2nd century BC, uses the term yoga extensively in a variety of senses. Of many possible meanings given to the term in the Gita, most emphasis is given to these three:
- Karma yoga: The yoga of action
- Bhakti yoga: The yoga of devotion
- Jnana yoga: The yoga of knowledge
The influential commentator Madhusudana Sarasvati (b. circa 1490) divided the Gita's eighteen chapters into three sections, each of six chapters. According to his method of division the first six chapters deal with Karma yoga, the middle six deal with Bhakti yoga, and the last six deal with Jnana (knowledge). This interpretation has been adopted by some later commentators and rejected by others.
Major branches of Yoga include: Hatha Yoga, Karma Yoga,
Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Raja Yoga. Raja Yoga, known simply as Yoga in the
context of Hindu philosophy, is one of the six orthodox (āstika) schools of
thought, established by the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.
Etymology
The Sanskrit term yoga has a wide range of different meanings. It is derived
from the Sanskrit root yuj, "to control", "to yoke", or "to unite". Common
meanings include "joining" or "uniting", and related ideas such as "union" and
"conjunction". Another conceptual definition is that of "mode, manner, means or
"expedient, means in general".
Literary sources
The main textual sources for the evolving concept of Yoga are the middle
Upanishads, (ca. 400 BCE), the Mahabharata (from ca. 400 BC) including the
Bhagavad Gita (ca. 200 BCE), and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (200 BCE-300 CE).
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
In Indian philosophy, Yoga is the name of one of the six orthodox philosophical
schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the Samkhya
school. The Yoga school as expounded by Patanjali accepts the Samkhya psychology
and metaphysics, but is more theistic than the Samkhya, as evidenced by the
addition of a divine entity to the Samkhya's twenty-five elements of reality.
The parallels between Yoga and Samkhya were so close that Max Müller says that
"the two philosophies were in popular parlance distinguished from each other as
Samkhya with and Samkhya without a Lord.... The intimate relationship between
Samkhya and Yoga is explained by Heinrich Zimmer:
These two are regarded in India as twins, the two aspects of a single discipline. provides a basic theoretical exposition of human nature, enumerating and defining its elements, analyzing their manner of co-operation in a state of bondage (bandha), and describing their state of disentanglement or separation in release while Yoga treats specifically of the dynamics of the process for the disentanglement, out outlines practical techniques for the gaining of release, or 'isolation-integration' (kaivalya).
Yoga and Tantra
Tantrism, is a practice that is supposed to alter the relation of the individual practitioner of Tantrism to the ordinary social, religious, and logical reality in which he or she lives. Through Tantric practice an individual perceives reality as maya, illusion, and the individual achieves liberation from it.
This particular path to salvation among the several offered by Hinduism, links Tantrism to those Dharmic practices such as yoga, meditation, and social renunciation, which are based on temporary or permanent withdrawal from social relationships and modes.
During tantric practices and studies, the student is instructed further in meditation technique, particularly chakra meditation. This is often in a limited form in comparison with the way this kind of meditation is known and used by Tantric practitioners and yogis elsewhere, but is more elaborate than the initiate's previous meditation. It is considered to be a kind of Kundalini Yoga for the purpose of moving the Goddess into the chakra located in the "heart," for meditation and worship.


